Coal fossil fuel.

Coal is a fossil fuel. Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock, formed from the organic sediment, which originated from the remains of plants and has developed through geological time. Elements consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Coal is also an organic rock that has the properties of the complex physics and chemistry. empirical formula such as C137H97O9NS to C240H90O4NS bitumen and anthracite for. Coal formation requires certain conditions and only occur in a particular era in the history of geology. Carboniferous Period, roughly 340 million years ago, is the formation of the most productive coal and almost all coal mines (coal black) who live in the northern hemisphere is formed. In the Permian Period, about 270 Mya, is also an economical form of coal deposits in the southern hemisphere, like Australia, and continues until the Tertiary Period (70-13 Mya) in the other hemisphere. Almost all coal-forming plant origin. Coal mining coal mining from the earth for human use in many coal mines in Indonesia and even the world. Coal used as fuel, can also be used to make coke for the manufacture of many more baja.dan their role, there are many coal mines in Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan

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largest diamond mine

The world's biggest diamond mine located in Australia, Argyle diamond mine bernamaTambang located in the north of Western Australia. diamond was discovered in 1976 in a river. Diamond has been eroded from an ancient volcano that erupted 1.1 million years ago. When a volcano cools, igneous rock channel residual lintasanya very deep and is 2 kilometers. Diamonds formed at very high temperatures in this rock, and now this mountain contains one of the world's richest diamond deposits. This mine is a large gaping open pit in the ground. Every day about 25,000 tonnes of rock excavated. It produces about 23 kilograms of diamonds. Each year about 8.5 tons of diamonds have been sold. Argyle is the only diamond mine in Australia. The production is very high which is now Australia has become the fifth largest diamond exporter in the world. Ordering: Russia, Botswana, South Africa, Zaire, and Australia. Transparent good quality diamonds used for jewelry. Another type of diamond used in industry. Diamonds are used for cutting metal or stone that is very hard. Most diamonds used for jewelry are cut and formed in Bombay, India. Argyle mine employs 700 people to mine diamonds. They work for twelve hours every day. This work is difficult because diamonds are very small and very precious. Most workers live in the city of Perth which is located 1600 kilometers south of the mining area. The workers are in a plane flying from Perth to mining. They work for two weeks. Then they go home by plane to Perth for two weeks

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petroleum formationoil

Fossil petroleum because we can see in terms of fossilization but scientists beberepa bersependapat that petroleum does not include fossil fuels, why do so because of the formation of oil at high temperature and pressure so that the fossil has not been formed since been destroyed by the extremely high temperatures and is therefore not absolute oil / absolute can be said of fossils. But many said oil as fossil fuels, derived from the rubble of the remains of plants and large networks hewan.Sebagian destroyed organic material into gas that is lost to the atmosphere, but at the time of the gas produced is very large, some stayed and stuck in a sediment . Marine Microorganisms were destroyed, and then form the oil and natural gas. black liquid which is a mixture of different types of hydrogen-carbon molecule, so that when burned will produce carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and water (H2O). Petroleum is found beneath the earth's surface at a depth of 500 - 2500 m. For that crude oil must be pumped out and then streamed to the installation of oil refineries to be processed to obtain various types of fuel oil for example, (gasoline, diesel, kerosene etc). Besides being used as fuel, petroleum is also used as raw material for plastics and chemical industries. As a source of energy, oil suitable for transport purposes, eg for vehicle fuel, because it has a high energy content per volume

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nickel-producing country

Nickel laterite is an important mineral source, contributing 40% of world nickel production. Lateritic nickel deposits are formed from the weathering of ultramafic host rock type. Generally formed in the tropical climate to a sub-tropical. Today, most nickel laterite formed in the equatorial region. Countries lateritic nickel producer in the world including New Caledonia, Cuba, Philippines, Indonesia, Columbia and Australia. The "laterite" term could be interpreted as a sediment rich in iron oxide, silica poor and intensive elements are found in sediments in a tropical climate lapukan (Eggleton, 2001). There also are interpreted as sediment lapukan containing nickel laterite nickel and economical to mine. Nickel laterite deposit base rock is ultramafic rock; generally harsburgit (Peridotit ortopiroksen rich element), dunite and the types of Peridotit.

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Chemical Process Formation of Nickel

Nickel formed with silicate minerals rich in elements Mg (ex; olivine). Olivine is a mineral which is unstable during weathering took place. Saprolite is the first weathering product, leaving at least 20% of the original fabric of the rock (parent rock). Boundary between bedrock, saprolite and wathering front unclear and even changes gradasional. Laterite nickel deposits are characterized by the existence of speroidal weathering along joints and fractures (boulder saprolite). During weathering progresses, Mg silicates are soluble and dissolve with groundwater. This causes the fabric of parent rock is totally change. As a result, Fe-Oxide dominated by forming horizontal layers above the saprolite, which we now know as limonite. It is true that nickel is associated with Fe-Oxide mainly of type Goethite. The average nickel amounted to 1.2%

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Genesis of Nickel Laterite

Nickel deposits generally formed on ultramafic rocks containing high Fe in olivine and nickel-yield between 0.2% - 0.4% wt. The mineralogy of nickel laterite can be divided into three categories (Brand et al., 1998) a. Hydrous silicate DepositsProfiles of this type of vertical from bottom to top: Ore horizon in saprolite layer (Mg-Ni silicate), Nickel grade between 1.8% - 2.5%. In this zone developed box-works (what tuh ..), veining, relic structure, fracture and grain boundaries and can form mineral-rich Nickel; garnierite (max. 40% Ni). Ni dissolved (Leached) from the phase of limonite (Fe Oxyhydroxide) and deposited with hydrous silicate minerals or substitute elements of Mg in an altered serpentinite (Pelletier, 1996). So, although the nickel laterite is a product of weathering, but it can be said also that the supergene enrichment process is very important in the formation and economic value of hydrous silicate precipitated this. This type can be found in several places such as in New Caledonia, Indonesia, Philippines.Dominika and Columbia. b. Silicate Clay Deposits In this sediment type, Si is only partially dissolved by the groundwater. The remaining will join with Fe, Ni, and Al to form clay minerals (clay minerals) such as Ni-rich Notronite in the middle of the saprolite profile (see profile). Ni-rich serpentine also can be replace by smectite or quartz if the profile of this deposit in a long time stay in contact with groundwater. Ni grade of these deposits is lower than Hydrosilicate deposit (1.2%; Brand et all, 1998). c. Oxide Deposits The last type Oxide. Profile below shows Protolith of harzburgitic type peridotites (Mostly minerals olivine, serpentine, pyroxene), are very susceptible to weathering, especially in the tropics. Formed thereon is formed near surface saprolite and limonite and ferricrete (surface) (see profile). In this type of deposit oxide, nickel associated with Goethite (FeOOH) and Mn Oxide. In addition, Nickel laterite is very rarely or not at all formed in carbonate rocks contain mineral talc.

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MINERAL ZEOLITE

This mineral is a group of compounds various kinds of mineral alumino silicate hydrate with alkali metals. Minerals included in the group of zeolite tuff, formed from volcanic ash sedimentation changed. To be able to use the zeolite should have certain specifications relating to this qualification is determined by the absorption of the zeolite, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the catalyst. Therefore, to memmperoleh zeolite with high capability required some processing, among others: 1. Preparation This stage aims to obtain sizes of products in accordance with their intended use. Preparation phase consists of destroying the (destroyed), for milling (grinding). 2. Activation This process aims to improve the specific properties of the zeolite by removing the elements of impurities and evaporate the water trapped in the pores of the zeolite crystal. There are two ways commonly used in zeolite activation process, namely heating at a temperature of 200-400 º C for 2-3 hours, and chemical reagents by using NaOH or H2SO4. 3. Modification Process modifications are intended to change the surface properties of natural zeolite with a coating of organic polymers (synthetic and natural) in the zeolite. A. MARKET OUTLOOK Zeolites used in agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, industry, environmental health and building materials. Utilization of broad dimensions, implications for the potential demand is large enough. Request zeolite today come from countries Korea, Singapore and Japan. Meanwhile, domestic demand no less potential. Dimensions ample use of various aspects of life, can be predicted perminttan zeolite will increase along with increasing prosperity and the national economy. One of the central reserves of zeolite with a fairly large volume in Tasikmalaya is part of the southern mountainous district stretches from Cikalong, Karangnunggal until Cipatujah. B. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Exploitation of zeolite in Tasikmalaya are mostly done by people, but unfortunately mine management do not meet the rules applicable to mining activities. The weakness is most prominent in zeolite mining system that the society is the lack of attention to sustainability, waste resources, and low added value gained from such mining efforts. Meanwhile, the added value gained from the mining business was not optimal. This is caused by mineral processing is done outside the region, namely in Padalarang. Meanwhile, because the mining done by people too much wild, do not have permission then the levies or taxes from the mine into a lot of materials that do not terpungut. The ideal distribution channel, not too long, the process is done around the location of mineral deposits. In the concept of the ideal distribution network, there should be no raw material out of Tasikmalaya. Just finished goods, or at least a half-finished out of Tasikmalaya. Also on the ideal distribution network is likely to put the miners as the owner of the zeolite powder manufacturing plant or other product form.New! Click on words above to see alternative translations. RemoveGoogle Translate to: PenelusuranVideoEmailTeleponObrolanBisnisAbout Google TerjemahanMatikan instanPrivasiBantuan translation Is a group of compounds Various Kinds of mineral alumino silicate hydrate with alkali metals. Minerals included in the group of zeolite tuffs commonly found in rocks, formed from the sedimentation of altered volcanic ash. To be Able to use the zeolite Should have to perform certain specifications relating to this qualification is determined by the absorption of zeolite, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the catalyst. Therefore to memmperoleh zeolite with high processing capability required Some, Among others: 1. Preparation AIMS this stage to obtain sizes of products in accordance with the intended use. Preparation phase consists of crushing (crushing), to milling (grinding). 2. Activation This process AIMS to improv the specific properties of the zeolite by removing the elements of impurities and evaporate the water trapped in the pores of zeolite crystals. There are Two Ways commonly Used in zeolite activation process, namely heating at a temperature of 200-400 º C for 2-3 hours, and chemical reagents by using NaOH or H2SO4. 3. Modification Process modifications are intended to change the surface properties of natural zeolite by organic polymer coating (synthetic and natural) on the zeolite.A. MARKET OUTLOOK Zeolites Used in agriculture, Animal Husbandry, fisheries, industry, environmental health and building materials. Utilization of vast dimensions, implications for the potential demand is large Enough. Request zeolite today come from countries of Korea, Singapore and Japan. Meanwhile, domestic demand of no less potential. Dimensions of use That Quite extensively on Various aspects of life, be it cans of zeolite perminttan will of increase is predicted along with Increasing prosperity and the national economy. One of the backup center zeolite with a Fairly Large volume in Tasikmalaya is part of the southern mountains extending from the Sub Cikalong, Karangnunggal Until Cipatujah. B. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Exploitation of zeolite in Tasikmalaya are Mostly done by people, but it is Unfortunate management of mining was done not meet the Rules That Apply to mining activities. The weakness is most prominent in zeolite mining system, That the community is the lack of attention to sustainability, waste resources, and low added value gained from mining Such Efforts. Meanwhile, the added value gained from the mining business was not optimal. This is the caused by mineral processing is done outside the region, namely in Padalarang. Meanwhile, Because the mining was done by people too much wild, do not have permissions then the levies or taxes from the mine to be a lot of material That Is not terpungut. The ideal distribution channel, not too long, the process is done around the location of mineral deposits. In the concept of the ideal distribution network, there Should not the raw materials out of Tasikmalaya. Just finished goods, or at least semi-finished out of Tasikmalaya. Also on the ideal distribution network it is possible to place the miners as the manufacture of flour mill owners or other zeolite product form

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Opportunities zeolite

Investment opportunities in the mining world's most worthy is the establishment of zeolite processing business in the vicinity of the location of the deposit. Financial Profile of business activities that can be presented in the management of these zeolites include: - The operations of the manufacture of zeolite powder - Operation granular zeolite for agricultural production Preparation of starch granules must be through the activities. Even if the business is a series of activities, each activity phase could be considered one business unit. Form of large blocks of zeolite was even able to sell, especially if it is in the form of powder, or granules. Following financial calculations zeolite mining business entrepreneurs who are interested enough to follow

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Opportunities zeolite

Investment opportunities in the mining world's most worthy is the establishment of zeolite processing business in the vicinity of the location of the deposit. Financial Profile of business activities that can be presented in the management of these zeolites include: - The operations of the manufacture of zeolite powder - Operation granular zeolite for agricultural production Preparation of starch granules must be through the activities. Even if the business is a series of activities, each activity phase could be considered one business unit. Form of large blocks of zeolite was even able to sell, especially if it is in the form of powder, or granules. Following financial calculations zeolite mining business entrepreneurs who are interested enough to follow

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Mineral Tin

Tin is a mineral that comes from the intrusion of magma, usually granite magma. Granite contains many valuable minerals, such as rutile, zircon, ilmenite, lekoksen, and monazite. This mineral is relatively hard and resistant to weathering (resistance) so that the last time the process of weathering, granite containing these minerals do not come fungus. Tin is obtained mainly from mineral kasiterit formed as tin oxide and minerals are not easily oxidized in air so resistant to rust, is found in many alloys, and used to coat other metals to prevent rust

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tin mining in Indonesia

 Under normal circumstances (13 - 1600C), a shiny metal and is widely used in the manufacture of household appliances.region has the largest mineral deposit in Indonesia is the Riau Islands.

 Riau Islands is part of the largest deposits in Indonesia, the world which stretches from Myanmar to the Riau Islands, continues to Karimata Island to the west of Borneo.Deposition of tin ore in this area is largely a residual residual weathering of sedimentary rocks that originally contained tin ore. Sea in this area is a shallow sea with a depth of about 25 meters, known as the Sunda Shelf region. Sunda Shelf land once believed to consist of 3 major islands in Indonesia, namely Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan, which are now separated because of abuse and regression of sea water. But in reality, only Java and Sumatra, are many roads Mountains and Mount api.Di Kalimantan okay, but the volcano but no longer active and not as an active volcano in Java and Sumatra.

 All of that is due process and regression trangresi sea water before, lasted a long prose (in a geological time scale) which then undergo a process of inundation of sea water.Because this mineral is the result of minerals from magma intrusion, not mineral rarely found in areas of Java and Sumatra.

Usefulness of tin minerals, among others:

1. As the material appliances.

2 furniture. Make solder

3. Plate

4 tin. Metal coating

5. Metal decoration

6. Used in Chemical Industry and war equipment

So Tin minerals are minerals that formed due to intrusion of magma through the cracks or burly-burly of granite so that the granite magma and also because of the influence of minerals - mineral-related or mixed into the magma chamber itself.

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IRON ORE TERMS

Is the depositionof sediment orrock which containsminerals such asiron ore,Magnetite(Fe3O4),ilmenite (Fe Ti)O, hematite(Fe2O3). siderite(FeCO3), and bogiron or limonite(2Fe2O3.3H2O).Iron ores are rarely present as anative element;examples that Fe is present as anelement found inwestern Greenland, is precipitated with nickel meteoritesIs the deposition of sediment orrock which contains minerals such as iron ore, Magnetite (Fe3O4), ilmenite (Fe Ti) O,hematite (Fe2O3). siderite (FeCO3), and bog iron or limonite (2Fe2O3.3H2O). Iron oresare rarely present as a native element; examples that Fe is present as an element found in western Greenland, is precipitated with nickel meteorites

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prospecting geochemistry

It can generally be defined as the science of learning:
abundance / content elements and isotopes in the various components making up the earth distribution and migration of elements in the geological cycle
the principles governing the distribution and migration of elements throughout the geologiccycle
Exploration / prospecting geochemistry:
more emphasis on measuring the abundance, distribution, and migration of ore elementsor elements directly related to ore, in order to track keterdapatan an ore deposition.
Geochemical exploration in a more narrow sense
prospecting, geochemical exploration is a technique through one or more systematicmeasurement of trace elements in rocks, soil, sediment, vegetation, water, or gas, toobtain geochemical anomaly, namely abnormal concentrations of certain elements thatcontrast against the environment (geochemical background)
with the aim of:
found concentrations of metal(ore deposits) that can be mined..
Distribution of Elements in the Earth's Crust
The elements of a common basemetal: copper, zinc, and nickelare relatively rare, each onlyabout 100 ppm, while the teamjust eight constituent elements of the earth's crust that havemore abundance> 1%, namely:
  oxygen and silicon to formnearly 75% of the earth's crust,
aluminum, iron, calcium,sodium, potassium andmagnesium are next in line,where the aluminum is about8%,
  2% magnesium.
bal 15 ppm.
  White lead is only 3 ppm, 1 ppm tungsten and gold are very rare, which is about 0.005ppm.

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Petroleum Important material

Petroleum is one of the important material that we have. Every day we use oil and gas for a variety of needs. "Oil and gas also provides a major employment worldwide. Ten of thousand people working in the oil and gas industry.

How many of us find activities and goods that use oil and gas?Yes, almost all activities require energy, oil and gas are energy sources that can be used in various industrial sectors.Formation of Petroleum
 Millions of years ago, the basin or basin in the form of sea life that is filled by marine organisms both animal and microscopic plants, such as plankton. Plankton die-plakton which will sink and accumulate at the bottom of the basin. Over the months since the organism that has died and sunk in the bottom of the basin will be buried by layers of sand and shale deposition. Over millions of years dead organism will be buried deeper and deeper. Karen effect of temperature and pressure so it will decompose dead organisms form a chemical compound called kerogen. This maturation process continues and it will termaturasi kerogen to form hydrocarbons. The perfect ripening process will form the kerogen into oil serdangkan if this maturation process is too long then that is formed is a gas."How can we take the oil and gas to the surface of the earth? "Of the maturation process in the petroleum source rocks (source rock) of oil will migrate up the pressure due to buoyancy, this migration process will fill the reservoir rock is a porous rock. Then be trapped and accumulate as of rock above the redapat rock resevoar insulation or sealing. There are several types of traps or trap petroleum, among other structural trap (anticline) and stratigraphic traps.From oil and gas that is trapped in the reservoir, we can take proper way to drill in position terebut trap. Because of the influence of pressure from within the earth's major oil and gas then shaped liquit will flow out through the drill hole. Petroleum that comes out it still contains a variety of materials such as water and clay, it must be separated before they are sent to refiners. The process of removal of oil and gas from the region found to-oil refinery can be done by flowing through the pipes, but it can also be transferred by way of transported using boats, trucks, trains and other vehicles.Petroleum SystemThe concept of petroleum systems, explain the distribution of hydrocarbons in the crust of the earth from the source rocks (source rock) to the reservoir rock.Principal element in the petroleum system are as follows:- Rock Resources (Source Rock)- Direction of Migration (Migration Path)- Rock Reservoir (Reservoir Rock)
In addition to these four basic components, the definition of petroleum systems also involve all the geological processes to create this element. Important factor in the petroleum system include:Organic Richness / type and volume of source rocks (source rock).Temperature and time conditions for source rock maturation (maturation).Time of maturation and expulsion associated with the formation of traps.Adanmya migration path from source to reservoir rocks.Preservation condition terjebaknya trap from time to this day.Relative efficiency of the sealing layer.Petroleum Migration to Antikline"Where oil can accumulate ...? "
 oil and gas contained in the pore batuandan accumulated in the trap-shaped anticline folds which form layers of limestone. Drilling wells to take oil from this trap. Anticline trap is a trap type most often found in petroleum exploration.Natural oil seeps:Occur where the layer due to fault rupture (faulting), hydrocarbons appear in permukaa, raises tar, gas and oil on the surface of the earth.

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Aluminium

Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust and is 7.3% by mass. In nature but only in very stable combinations with other materials (particularly as silicates and oxides) and not until 1808 its existence was first established. It stores many years of painstaking research to "unlock" the metal from ore and more to produce, commercially viable production process
mineral ore
The main ore mineral of aluminum is bauxite
TERMS bauxite
This is the rock (sedimentary) ore of aluminum, aluminum oxide as a mineral consisting of gibsit hidroksid Al (OH) 2 bohmite Alo (OH), and diaspore Alo (OH
Ganesh bauxite formed when silica in rocks containing aluminum terlindikan by weathering processes that occur in tropical and subtropical climates.
The presence of bauxite deposits are controlled by source rock, the rocks containing high aluminum, such as granite.Therefore, in the exploration of iron sands deposits, the distribution of these rocks must be understood

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